How can duplicate frames be identified in stop and wait arq?

Stop-and-wait ARQ, also referred to as alternating bit protocol, is a method in telecommunications to send information between two connected devices. It ensures that information is not lost due to dropped packets and that packets are received in the correct order.

To eliminate duplicate packet problem Sequence number is added to the data packet. So using packet numbers it can easily determine the duplicate packets.

The stop and wait ARQ protocol Sends a data frame and then waits for an acknowledgment or ACK from the receiver. The ACK means that the receiver has successfully received the data frame. After the sender receives the ACK from the receiver, it sends the next data frame.

On increasing the distance between source and receiver the Efficiency will decrease. Hence, Stop and Wait is only suitable for small area network like LAN. It is not suitable for MAN or WAN, as the efficiency will be very low. If we increase the size of the Data packet, the efficiency is going to increase.

The stop and wait protocol is a flow control protocol where Flow control Is one of the services of the data link layer. It is a data-link layer protocol which is used for transmitting the data over the noiseless channels.

The sequence number on the data packets helps the receiver to identify the duplicate data packet, then the receiver discards the duplicate data packet & resends the same feedback.

The receiver Uses the redundancy check number To check for possible damage. If the receiver sees that the frame is good, it sends an ACK. If the receiver sees that the frame is damaged, the receiver discards it and does not send an ACK—pretending that the frame was completely lost, not merely damaged.

The Stop and Wait automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol differs from the Stop and Wait Protocol. In this Protocol, If the acknowledgement does not arrive after a certain period of time, the sender times out and retransmits the original frame.

In Go-Back-N ARQ, the size of the send window must be less than 2m; the size of the receiver window is always 1. Stop-and-Wait ARQ is a special case of Go-Back-N ARQ in which The size of the send window is 1. In Selective Repeat ARQ, the size of the sender and receiver window must be at most one- half of 2m.

In an ARQ scheme, The receiver uses an error detection code, typically a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), to detect whether the received packet is in error. If no error is detected in the received data, the transmitter is notified by sending a positive acknowledgement.

We can send only One packet At a time. If the distance between the sender and the receiver is large then the propagation delay would be more than the transmission delay. Hence, efficiency would become very low.

In this, the sender will transmit one frame at a time to the receiver. The sender will stop and wait for the acknowledgement from the receiver.

Explanation- In stop and wait ARQ, Sender window size is 1. This allows the sender to keep only one frame unacknowledged. So, sender sends one frame and then waits until the sent frame gets acknowledged.

Disadvantages of stop-and-wait: Fairly slow: the sender can send at most one new packet per RTT. not robust: if the ack can get lost, when the receiver gets a packet, the receiver cannot tell if it is a retransmission or a new packet.

Stop-and-wait flow control is the simplest form of flow control. In this method the message is broken into multiple frames, and the receiver indicates its readiness to receive a frame of data. The sender waits for a receipt acknowledgement (ACK) after every frame for a specified time (called a time out).

Linking the data from the multiple databases provides the same data. By performing the matching operation it eliminates the duplicate data from the original data. This technique separate the dataset into blocks. Matching data are aligned in the same category.

You can prevent data duplicates in a database by Creating a unique index. The unique index will demand that each data in the indexed field is unique in value and properties. You can create a new index by setting up a data-definition query that creates a new index. This can be done using SQL view.

You can prevent duplicate values in a field in an Access table by Creating a unique index. A unique index is an index that requires that each value of the indexed field is unique.

In Selective Repeat protocol, Out-of-order deliveries can also be accepted at receiver end. In Stop and Wait protocol, in case of packet drop, number of retransmission is 1. In Go-Back-N protocol, in case of packet drop, number of retransmission is N.

Problem duplication is when copies either 1) Cause confusion in using your information Or 2) obscure the ideal content with a copy.

Condition For Efficiency To Be At least 50%- From here, frame size must be at least 160 bits. Thus, Correct Option is (D).

The Sliding window method using cumulative ACK Is known as the Go-Back-N ARQ protocol. Receiver window size is 1. In this method, if one frame is lost or damaged all frames sent, since the last frame acknowledged are retransmitted.